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In video games, an exploit is the use of a bug or glitches, game system, rates, hit boxes, speed or level design etc. by a player to their advantage in a manner not intended by the game's designers.^[1] Exploits have been classified as a form of cheating;^{[citation needed]} however, the precise determination of what is or is not considered an exploit can be controversial. This debate stems from a number of factors but typically involves the argument that the issues are part of the game and require no changes or external programs to take advantage of them.^[2]

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Controversy[edit]

Exploiting is generally considered cheating by the gaming community at large due to the unfair advantage usually gained by the exploiter.^{[citation needed]} Whether an exploit is considered a cheat is a matter of widespread debate that varies between genres, games, and other factors. Most software developers of online games prohibit exploiting in their terms of service and often issue sanctions against players found to be exploiting. There is some contention by exploiters that exploiting should not be considered cheating as it is merely taking advantage of actions allowed by the software. They view exploiting as a skill because certain exploits take a significant amount of time to find, or dexterity and timing to use. Players that do not exploit believe that exploits should be considered cheats that the developers should address and the exploiters should be banned.

Arguments in favor of the cheating view involve the spirit of the game and the potentially damaging effects of the exploit on the game's community.^[3]^[4] While the rules or game code may not explicitly disallow a specific exploit, it may be seen that using that exploit goes against the spirit of the game.^[3] The potential damage of an exploit on a game has been described by a World of Warcraft community manager as 'devastating'.^[4]

In defense of these behaviors are arguments that the rules of the game allow it and that players might not know they are behaving against the designer's intention.^[5]^[6] So-called exploits, in this view, are not cheats because they do not change the game in any way and therefore could be accessible to all players if they know how to do it.^[2] The players who use such techniques may consider them fair for use in the game in cases when they are not explicitly disallowed in the Terms of Service or other such rules governing participation.^[5]

Griefing[edit]

While players more frequently exploit issues to gain advantage for themselves, sometimes they may use them instead to irritate other players, known as griefing.^[3] One team of gamers in Team Fortress 2 produced popular online videos demonstrating their griefing and also several exploits present in the game, most of them being of little use for personal gain.^[7] Another famous incident during the Ultima Onlinebeta test saw a player kill Lord British when that character was supposed to be invincible; the tester was later banned for exploiting because he did not report the bugs he found.^[8]

Common types[edit]

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Common types of exploits include:

Duping: Duplicating items or money.
Lag and disconnection exploits: A game with inadequate lag handling may let players intentionally cause lag for themselves to cause an advantage.^[2] Similarly, a game that lets a player disconnect immediately with no consequences may let players exit a game without suffering a loss. (Shogun 2: Total War)
Geometry: Taking advantage of how the game world is built. Typically the goal of these exploits is to reach normally inaccessible areas or take unintended shortcuts in the game world. These are commonly achieved by going through walls, crossing invisible barriers made by the programmers, or scaling ledges not intended to be climbable.

Twinking: Twinking usually refers to taking advantage of design flaws in the game's gearing system in order to equip a new or low-level character with much higher level gear. Other actions commonly referred to as 'twinking' include: giving a new character a large amount of gold and intentionally keeping a character at a low level while gaining much better equipment.
Movement speed bugs: These usually allow the player to move faster than intended, such as bunny hopping. Many of these have been embraced by certain games, such as skiing in the Tribes series.
Safe zones: Places where a player can attack with no risk of being attacked back. This is often a form of an exploit in the geometry (terrain) of a game—however, a game may have areas that make players within them safe (especially in PvP games/zones where the opposing faction(s) may not enter) from attack while not disallowing the safe players to attack.
Game mechanics: Taking advantage of the systems that make up the gameplay. A game mechanics exploit is not a bug—it is working as designed, but at the same time is not working as intended. An example is the 'wavedash' in Super Smash Bros. Melee, where the momentum gained from using a directional aerial dodge could be retained on landing; with proper timing this allows characters to use a stationary attack while sliding across the ground.
Cheesing: Performing repeated, usually considered cheap, attack moves in such a way that doesn't allow the enemy to respond or fight back. An example would be Street Fighter II in which one can perform repeated moves that keep the enemy being attacked and against the side of the screen, with no way for them to perform a counterattack.

Each game has the potential for exploits unique to that game's rules. For example, in World of Warcraft, wall-walking allowed a player to climb steep mountains that are supposed to be impassable to get into unfinished areas or make one's character not attackable by mobs or other players. EverQuest had an exploit in player versus player analogous to weight cutting in sports whereby a player would intentionally lose levels by dying in order to compete against lower-level players while wielding higher-level items and skills (game mechanics exploit). In the game City of Heroes people were using teleport powers to place others inside the PvP zones' watchtowers which, originally designed as props for atmosphere, had no way in or out if he or she could not teleport (the towers have since gained a doorway).

Response[edit]

Developers may find it difficult to identify and respond to an exploit because a player who discovers a vulnerability in a game may be reluctant to inform the game's developers, in order to continue exploiting.^[2] However once developers do find exploits the response may include banning players who took advantage of the exploit, changing the game's rules to combat it, or even embracing the exploit. The positive opinions of the exploit can lead to the designers embracing it as emergent gameplay, such as when skiing in the Tribes series of games gained developer support. The now-standard practice of rocket jumping originated in a similar way, by exploiting game mechanics not foreseen by the developers. Otherwise, the developers may try to fix the underlying problem or discourage use of the exploit if the issue cannot be clearly addressed by technical means. In severe cases, players may be banned. Further, the game state of the world may need to be reset to restore game balance. For example, following a serious currency dupe exploit in EverQuest II, the developers removed large amounts of duped money from the game to address the rampant inflation it caused in the game's virtual economy.^[9]

References[edit]

^Mulligan, Jessica; Bridgette Patrovsky (2003). 'Appendix F'. Developing online games. New Riders. p. 474. ISBN9781592730001.
^ ^a^b^c^dConsalvo, Mia (2007). 'Chapter 5'. Cheating: gaining advantage in videogames. MIT Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN9780262033657.
^ ^a^b^cTavinor, Grant (2009). 'Games Through Fiction'. The Art of Videogames: New Directions in Aesthetics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 107–108. ISBN9781405187886.
^ ^a^bLopez, Miguel (20 July 2005). 'WoW Duping: Fact or Fiction?'. GameSpy. IGN Entertainment.
^ ^a^bMulligan, Jessica; Bridgette Patrovsky (2003). 'Chapter 13'. Developing online games. New Riders. p. 286. ISBN9781592730001.
^Jakobsson, Markus; Zulfikar Ramzan (2008). 'Chapter 9: Virtual Worlds and Fraud'. Crimeware: understanding new attacks and defenses. Addison-Wesley. p. 280. ISBN9780321501950.
^Gillen, Kieron (29 April 2008). 'Team Roomba'. The Escapist. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^Lee, Edmund (23 September 1997). 'Ultimate Ultima'. The Village Voice. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^Terdiman, Daniel (11 August 2005). 'Cheaters slam 'Everquest II' economy'. ZDNet News. Retrieved 21 February 2007.^{[permanent dead link]}

External links[edit]

Online gaming's cheating heart Article about cheating and exploiting.

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Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_exploit&oldid=1001777009'

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Now that you have walked through the basics of deploying Hyper-V, creating virtual machines and managing these virtual machines, let’s explore how you can automate many of these activities with PowerShell.

Return a list of Hyper-V commands

Click on the Windows start button, type PowerShell.
Run the following command to display a searchable list of PowerShell commands available with the Hyper-V PowerShell Module.

You get something like this:

To learn more about a particular PowerShell command use Get-Help. For instance running the following command returns information about the Get-VM Hyper-V command.

The output shows you how to structure the command, what the required and optional parameters are, and the aliases that you can use.

Return a list of virtual machines

Use the Get-VM command to return a list of virtual machines.

In PowerShell, run the following command:

This displays something like this:

To return a list of only powered on virtual machines add a filter to the Get-VM command. A filter can be added by using the Where-Object command. For more information on filtering see the Using the Where-Object documentation.

To list all virtual machines in a powered off state, run the following command. This command is a copy of the command from step 2 with the filter changed from 'Running' to 'Off'.

Start and shut down virtual machines

To start a particular virtual machine, run the following command with name of the virtual machine:

To start all currently powered off virtual machines, get a list of those machines and pipe the list to the Start-VM command:

To shut down all running virtual machines, run this:

Create a VM checkpoint

To create a checkpoint using PowerShell, select the virtual machine using the Get-VM command and pipe this to the Checkpoint-VM command. Finally give the checkpoint a name using -SnapshotName. The complete command looks like the following:

Create a new virtual machine

The following example shows how to create a new virtual machine in the PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE). This is a simple example and could be expanded on to include additional PowerShell features and more advanced VM deployments.

To open the PowerShell ISE click on start, type PowerShell ISE.
Run the following code to create a virtual machine. See the New-VM documentation for detailed information on the New-VM command.

Wrap up and References

This document has shown some simple steps to explorer the Hyper-V PowerShell module as well as some sample scenarios. For more information on the Hyper-V PowerShell module, see the Hyper-V Cmdlets in Windows PowerShell reference.